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Table 1 Results of curvature amplitude \({\tilde{A}}\) and spatial period \({\tilde{T}}\) estimated by the haptic sensor when only the curvature amplitude is changed, and the respective error rates

From: Rubber artificial skin layer with flexible structure for shape estimation of micro-undulation surfaces

\({\tilde{A}}\) (1/m)

\({\tilde{T}}\) (mm)

Conventional sensor

Proposed sensor

Estimated \({\tilde{A}}\)

Error (%)

Estimated \({\tilde{T}}\)

Error (%)

Estimated \({\tilde{A}}\)

Error (%)

Estimated \({\tilde{T}}\)

Error (%)

3.95

10

1.85

53.2

9.84

1.7

4.26

8.02

9.26

1.8

7.90

10

3.84

51.3

9.78

2.3

8.34

5.69

9.78

2.2

15.8

10

7.01

55.6

9.62

3.9

11.7

26.0

9.64

3.7