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Table 7 Standard deviation of time to complete a task

From: An immersive micro-manipulation system using real-time 3D imaging microscope and 3D operation interface for high-speed and accurate micro-manipulation

Condition

Image presentation

Operation interface

A

B

C

D

E

all

(a)

2D

Joystick

0.9 s

0.8 s

3.1 s

1.6 s

2.3 s

3.1 s

(b)

3D

Joystick

2.0 s

4.3 s

0.9 s

6.2 s

6.3 s

7.3 s

(c)

2D

Pen-type

0.8 s

1.2 s

2.1 s

1.5 s

1.2 s

1.6 s

(d)

3D

Pen-type

0.2 s

0.8 s

0.8 s

0.5 s

0.6 s

1.0 s

(e)

2D

Glove-type

2.5 s

0.4 s

2.9 s

1.1 s

9.9 s

6.2 s

(f)

3D

Glove-type

1.2 s

0.7 s

0.9 s

1.3 s

0.9 s

2.4 s