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Table 6 Mean time to complete a task

From: An immersive micro-manipulation system using real-time 3D imaging microscope and 3D operation interface for high-speed and accurate micro-manipulation

Condition

Image presentation

Operation interface

A

B

C

D

E

all

(a)

2D

Joystick

11.2 s

5.7 s

8.5 s

10.3 s

12.7 s

9.6 s

(b)

3D

Joystick

11.5 s

9.0 s

8.5 s

23.3 s

18.1 s

14.1 s

(c)

2D

Pen-type

4.2 s

5.6 s

6.3 s

6.2 s

5.3 s

5.5 s

(d)

3D

Pen-type

3.9 s

5.1 s

4.4 s

3.4 s

5.7 s

4.5 s

(e)

2D

Glove-type

9.1 s

4.3 s

10.2 s

9.1 s

16.7 s

9.9 s

(f)

3D

Glove-type

8.3 s

4.4 s

3.9 s

9.5 s

6.2 s

6.5 s