Fig. 2From: Characterization of bulk piezoelectric element-based ultrasonic motorsa Polarization direction of the bulk piezoelectric stator in piezoelectric analysis model. b Electrodes placed on the bulk stator, c three-wave mode generated in the bulk piezoelectric stator when a voltage is applied. d The model of the cylindrical bulk stator, and e the three-wave mode on the cylindrical bulk statorBack to article page