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Table 2 Results of curvature amplitude \({\tilde{A}}\) and spatial period \({\tilde{T}}\) estimated using the haptic sensor when only the spatial period is changed, and the respective error rates

From: Rubber artificial skin layer with flexible structure for shape estimation of micro-undulation surfaces

\({\tilde{A}}\) (1/m)

\({\tilde{T}}\) (mm)

Conventional sensor

Proposed sensor

Estimated \({\tilde{A}}\)

Error (%)

Estimated \({\tilde{T}}\)

Error (%)

Estimated \({\tilde{A}}\)

Error (%)

Estimated \({\tilde{T}}\)

Error (%)

3.95

10

1.85

53.2

9.84

1.7

4.26

8.02

9.26

1.8

3.95

20

1.70

57.0

18.2

9.7

4.57

15.8

18.2

9.7

3.95

40

1.45

63.3

37.6

6.5

3.80

3.67

37.6

6.5