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Table 1 MAE and maximum MAE results for Case 1 and Case 2 position and Yaw angle

From: Demonstration of position estimation for multiple construction vehicles of different models by using 3D LiDARs installed in the field

Case 1

Crawler dump truck

Wheel loader

Position MAE [m]

\(0.031\pm {0.025}\)

\(0.111\pm {0.024}\)

Max Position MAE [m]

0.133

0.158

Yaw MAE [rad]

\(0.014\pm {0.002}\)

\(0.006\pm {0.011}\)

Max Yaw MAE [rad]

0.017

0.113

Case 2

Crawler dump truck

Wheel loader

Position MAE [m]

\(0.089\pm {0.067}\)

\(0.115\pm {0.052}\)

Max Position MAE [m]

0.632

0.158

Yaw MAE [rad]

\(0.032\pm {0.027}\)

\(0.097\pm {0.065}\)

Max Yaw MAE [rad]

0.19

0.229